Assess

Independent LrrK research · Edition 2026-11-01.3

Hardware Attack Library (HAL)

Hardware-first evidence for drones, robotics and embedded devices: what researchers actually showed, on which device, with what access, and what stayed unresolved. Records are organised by the hardware threat classes in MITRE EMB3D™, with ATT&CK® cross-references only where a source supports them. LrrK endorses this framework as an independent effort of the security research community and is not affiliated with or endorsed by The MITRE Corporation.

89 reviewed evidence records · 5 pending leads · 20 closed lead reviews (15 resolved to records, 3 reviewed as context only, 2 reviewed and excluded) · reviewed through 1 November 2026. Context-only reviews are background, not demonstrated attacks. Several records share a paper or experiment, so these are not 89 independent attacks. Coverage means representation in this documented corpus — not every device, attack or source on the internet.

EMB3D Framework

Counts are records in this documented corpus, including discussions and reported results; they are not independent experiments, exhaustive coverage or confirmed device applicability. Choose a threat to filter the evidence.

Reviewed evidence records

Showing 2 of 89 reviewed records for EMB3D TID-111 Untrusted External Storage. Default order: hardware, then device interface, then context; within each, drones and robotics first, then fault-injection learning.

Full archived edition (JSON) ↓
HardwarePrimary hardware researchDemonstrationprimary-badusb-2014BadUSB device-class emulation research67/100
Bounded outcome
SRLabs describes tested malicious device-role emulation, including keyboard and network-interface behaviors; storage-file scanning does not inspect controller firmware.
Stated claim
BadUSB device-class emulation research
Evidence status
Published research demonstration (published_research_demonstration)
Device, firmware & configuration

Description: Reprogrammable USB-controller peripherals studied by SRLabs Configuration: The original research concerns controller firmware and role changes; particular controller/revision support is not universal.

Access required

Connection of a reprogrammed peripheral or prior control over an existing peripheral's firmware.

Scope / hardware boundary
The original research concerns controller firmware and role changes; particular controller/revision support is not universal.
Dates
Published: 31 July 2014 · Reviewed: 1 November 2026 — Publication date precision: day.
Mechanisms
Untrusted External Storage

Sources

Limitations

  • A historical author report, not evidence that every USB device can be reprogrammed.
  • The2014 claim that no effective defenses are known is not promoted to a current absolute.
  • The event video and archived Android proof of concept were linked but not executed or reviewed as separate artifacts.
  • Research-strand review status: AI-assisted desk review; no physical reproduction or independent human acceptance claimed.

Follow-up

Performed

  • Followed EMB3D's secondary citation to the original SRLabs report and its conference/artifact links.

Result

  • Primary provenance is established, while historical defense statements and unreviewed artifacts remain bounded.

Unresolved / next

  • Confirm exact target hardware, firmware, access and mitigation state before any separate authorized assessment.

Evidence confidence · 67/100

Confidence components for primary-badusb-2014
ComponentScoreReason
Provenance20/20Original source and provenance inspected.
Technical evidence25/35Technical evidence read; methods and outcome limits retained.
Configuration specificity13/20Device and configuration details are bounded; missing revisions remain unknown.
Independent corroboration4/15Independent corroboration is limited; taxonomy citation and same-team artifacts are not independent reproduction.
Follow-up resolution5/10Follow-up source checks performed; unresolved items remain explicit.

Framework mappings

Original record: https://srlabs.de/blog/usb-peripherals-turn (opens original source in a new tab) · Share: link to this record

HardwareCommunity discussionDiscussionLRRK-COM-009TinyUSBHacker: public HID-injector design proposal, not a completed demonstration41/100
Bounded outcome
The page's own implementation checklist contradicts reading its promotional description as a completed working device. No attack or working target-host result is established.
Stated claim
The project description proposes keyboard/mouse emulation and scripted input injection.
Evidence status
Design proposal (design_proposal)
Device, firmware & configuration

Proposal: NXP MK20 Cortex-M4 with microSD storage and keyboard/mouse emulation Implementation state: PCB fabrication marked done; assembly awaiting components and firmware not yet developed on the reviewed page.

Access required

Proposed physical connection to a compatible host USB port.

Dates
Published: Not stated · Reviewed: 1 November 2026 — The page participates in the 2017 Hackaday Prize and attached files show 2017 dates; those do not establish the project's exact publication date.
Mechanisms
malicious peripheral emulation; HID keystroke injection

Sources

Shared source; these records are not independent experiments. Shared with LRRK-COM-007.

Limitations

  • No device was built or tested.
  • Attached datasheets and a schematic are design evidence, not working attack evidence.
  • No drone/robot target or fleet applicability is established.

Follow-up

Actions performed

  • Checked the implementation checklist, files and discussion rather than treating the description as a demonstration.
  • Distinguished a linked external inspiration video from proof that this device works.

Results

  • No completed firmware or demonstrated host outcome appears in the reviewed project page.

Contradictions

  • Present-tense capability claims conflict with the unfinished implementation checklist.

Follow-up limitations

  • No device was built or tested.
  • Attached datasheets and a schematic are design evidence, not working attack evidence.
  • No drone/robot target or fleet applicability is established.

Evidence confidence · 41/100

Confidence components for LRRK-COM-009
ComponentScoreReason
Provenance15/20Unavailable — no separate reason was recorded.
Technical evidence4/35Unavailable — no separate reason was recorded.
Configuration specificity12/20Unavailable — no separate reason was recorded.
Independent corroboration0/15Unavailable — no separate reason was recorded.
Follow-up resolution10/10Unavailable — no separate reason was recorded.

Overall rationale The incomplete design state is clear, but demonstrated attack evidence is absent; score applies to classification as a proposal.

Framework mappings

Original record: https://hackaday.io/project/21580-tinyusbhacker (opens original source in a new tab) · Share: link to this record

Lead registry

Leads are sources not yet admitted as reviewed records. They carry no confidence score — null, not zero risk. 5 are pending or unresolved; 20 lead reviews are closed and listed separately.

Closed lead reviews

Pending or unresolved leads (5)
  • primary-lead-iommu-2010 Exploiting an I/OMMU vulnerability (opens original source in a new tab)

    Source review gap retained · Confidence: not scored

    Companion original-source evidence materially narrows the mechanism, but neither the SSTIC paper nor the existing 2018 Dell paper silently resolves the unread IEEE 5665798 original.

    Next check: Compare a normally accessible original IEEE manuscript with the SSTIC account if one becomes available. Retain publication/experiment lineage and avoid counting both venues as independent proof without distinct outcomes.

  • DR-L06 2011 Predator/Reaper support-computer malware: conflicting public accounts (opens original source in a new tab)

    Source review gap retained · Confidence: not scored

    Read additional contemporary Dark Reading coverage quoting the Air Force account: malware was described as a nuisance on a standalone mission-support network, with aircraft control reportedly unaffected. Repeated quotations are one statement chain, not independent forensic evidence. The original AF Space Command press record remains unlocated.

    Next check: Locate a normal public original AF Space Command record or authenticated official archival copy before resolving the competing accounts; retain as context, not a hardware-attack demonstration.

  • LRRK-COM-LEAD-001 STM32F103 voltage-glitch Reddit discussion (opens original source in a new tab)

    Source review gap retained · Confidence: not scored

    Three new targeted public origin-discovery queries, in addition to the three retained follow-up01 queries, did not establish a public original-author artifact attributable to the supplied Reddit post. The known unsupported Reddit URL was not resubmitted and no mirror was used. Search snippets and unrelated STM32-family studies remain discovery only.

    Next check: A normally accessible original-author artifact with a defensible identity connection to this post is required before claim review. Do not retry or mirror the restricted source.

  • LRRK-COM-LEAD-002 EEVblog STM32F4 level-2 protection discussion (opens original source in a new tab)

    Source review gap retained · Confidence: not scored

    New captures of the first three forum pages were reviewed with the reused last-page capture. Earlier success assertions do not establish F4 RDP2: one contributor explicitly says F4 was untested and cannot identify the F3 model involved. The later RDP2 assertion still lacks an exact tested F4 part/revision, protection-state evidence and a retained validated result. Searches returned only the known assertion and the already published FEV RDP1 article.

    Next check: Require an original F4/RDP2 configuration and validated result, or a normally accessible original correction. Reconcile the uncertain ST operation before any decision to retry it; no bypass or unrequested paid repeat.

  • LRRK-LEAD-HOBOT-2026 HOBOT S7 Pro: author-reported OTA data writes need an installation-boundary follow-up (opens original source in a new tab)

    Source reviewed installation boundary gap · Confidence: not scored

    The original paper reports unauthenticated OTA data writes using non-destructive payloads. A data-transfer characteristic accepting writes does not by itself prove firmware-image installation, activation or bypass of a later signature check. Official TID-211 requires an installation/authentication boundary, so no admitted TID-211 case is proposed.

    Next check: Review a normally accessible original artifact or follow-up documenting the on-device verification/installation state, or a vendor security response; do not operate a robot or attempt firmware writes.

How to read evidence confidence

LRRK analyst evidence confidence, 0–100. Evidence strength for the narrowly stated claim, not probability, severity, present-device applicability, safety or an official MITRE score. It is an analyst rubric, not a MITRE rating.

  • Provenance · up to 20
  • Technical evidence · up to 35
  • Configuration specificity · up to 20
  • Independent corroboration · up to 15
  • Follow-up resolution · up to 10

Null means the source strand provided no separate component reason. Overall rationale is retained; no reasons are invented.

Multiple citations, reposts, same-team artifacts or shared reports are not independent reproduction.

Method, attribution and licenses

Edition
2026-11-01.3 · schema 1 · reviewed through 1 November 2026
Review
AI-assisted public-source desk research. No LRRK physical reproduction, device actuation or independent human acceptance is asserted.
Read status
Reviewed means the research strand inspected the returned source material. Partial-page reads, targeted passages, omitted forum replies and blocked content remain explicit.
Classification
evidenceStatus preserves each strand's original label. evidenceGroup is a coarse compiler grouping and never upgrades the stated outcome.
Mechanisms
Community mechanism labels are preserved. When a strand supplied no separate list, mapped EMB3D threat names are used; an empty list is not proof of no mechanism.
Mapping attribution
officialCaseAttribution=false means no verified direct MITRE attribution of this exact case is asserted. Ambiguous official-evidence inventory labels are displayed as analyst inference and their original wording is retained in mapping provenance. Only source-reviewed direct references or explicitly labeled analyst inferences. No forced EMB3D-to-ATT&CK/ICS crosswalk or MITRE endorsement.
Coverage and gaps
A documented seed corpus with open gaps, not an exhaustive census of the internet. Normal interfaces, search excerpts, HTTP success and code availability do not themselves prove attacks.
Shared sources
Records describe distinct claims or contexts. Shared papers, reports, forum topics and related artifacts do not establish independent experiments. 16 shared-source groups are flagged on their records.
What this does not establish
This snapshot does not establish exploitation on any current LRRK device. Operational reports, advisories, demonstrations, unverified reports and discussions remain distinct.
Updates
Research is reviewed weekly (Mondays, 9 AM Pacific) into private drafts. Only meaningful changes are prepared, and nothing is published automatically; this page changes only when a new reviewed edition is released. It is not a live feed.
Pinned versions
MITRE EMB3D™ site 2.0.2, model 2.0.1, commit 0d7c25bb4e2928c516fb5811aaab9ff8bab2896c (repository (opens original source in a new tab)). MITRE ATT&CK® v20.0 (13 October 2026), verified through 1 November 2026 (ATT&CK (opens original source in a new tab)).
Independence
An independent LrrK implementation. Not produced, reviewed or endorsed by The MITRE Corporation. Original sources retain their own rights; this library links to them and summarises bounded findings.
MITRE EMB3D license and disclaimers

©2026 The MITRE Corporation. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of The MITRE Corporation. Terms of Use LICENSE The MITRE Corporation (MITRE) hereby grants you a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use, copy, and create derivative works of EMB3D™ for internal business purposes or commercial use. Any copy you make for such purposes is authorized provided that you reproduce MITRE’s copyright designation and this license in any such copy and provide MITRE notice of such use at EMB3D@mitre.org. “©2026 The MITRE Corporation. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of The MITRE Corporation.” For all other uses of EMB3D™, contact MITRE at techtransfer@mitre.org. All rights not expressly granted are hereby reserved. Portions of EMB3D™ were produced for the U.S. Government under various contracts or funded by internal research and development funds and the U.S. Government retains certain rights in EMB3D™. You agree that you shall not include a charge for EMB3D™ in any sales or license of derivative products or services to the U.S. Government. Your use of MITRE’s website and EMB3D™ will comply with all relevant laws, regulations, Executive Orders, and other obligations. DISCLAIMERS MITRE does not claim EMB3D™ enumerates all possibilities for the types of actions and behaviors documented as part of EMB3D™’s adversary model and framework of techniques. Using the information contained within EMB3D™ to address or cover full categories of techniques will not guarantee full defensive coverage as there may be undisclosed techniques or variations on existing techniques not documented by EMB3D™. EMB3D™ AND ALL DOCUMENTS AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED THEREIN ARE PROVIDED ON AN “AS IS” BASIS AND THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE MITRE CORPORATION, ITS BOARD OF TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES, DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION THEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF ACCURACY, NONINFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

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MITRE ATT&CK license

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